https://int-baek-001.com/welcome daily 1.0 2013-01-30 https://int-baek-001.com/introduction daily 0.75 2019-08-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566543326487-1Y0A2XYPQ6TJKFNZYZNK/image-asset.png Introduction Fig. i.3: P46, early 3rd century Greek manuscript of Romans on papyrus. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin. Courtesy of the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566543197479-D5YTCZSXB96TGH47JW1Y/The+Forum%2C+Rome.jpg Introduction Fig. i.2 The Forum, Rome. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566543409360-O5OBA9YWKVZ7QQJN4TCC/Orthodox+Priest%2C+Jerusalem.jpg Introduction Fig. i.4: Orthodox Priest, Jerusalem. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566543470556-D411PL9UKBO1ONBX32FQ/Prayer+at+the+Western+Wall.jpg Introduction Fig. i.5: Prayer at the Western Wall, Jerusalem. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566543008314-REJ29KIW6YOHL2SIULRF/images.squarespace-cdn.com.jpg Introduction Fig. i.1: Icon of St. Mark, Albanian National Archive, c. 12th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566543548180-0N6IDCLOP92YY6SGAAHS/Jesus%E2%80%99+healing+of+a+bleeding+woman.jpg Introduction Fig. i.6: Jesus’ healing of a bleeding woman (Mark 5), 4th century. Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter, Rome. https://int-baek-001.com/module-twenty daily 0.75 2021-07-29 https://int-baek-001.com/contents daily 0.75 2021-07-29 https://int-baek-001.com/module-nine daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://int-baek-001.com/module-two daily 0.75 2019-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566734196700-9PB45VLQZ3OBYJD9K5MM/Rembrandt+van+Rijn.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.15: Rembrandt van Rijn, “Return of the Prodigal Son,” c. 1661-69. Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739188774-ZRRE6F52R6CLWJ5NQNB5/Wall+painting+of+a+woodworker%2C+Pompeii.+1st+century+CE..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.30: Wall painting of a woodworker, Pompeii. 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739447675-PIVHKMSGO55UOE2E3VL0/Floor+mosaic+of+Roman+merchant+ship+found+in+Lod%2C+Israel.+.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.34: Floor mosaic of Roman merchant ship found in Lod, Israel. The Shelby White and Leon Levy Lod Archaeological Center. Late 3rd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733101415-NOKE9SYXCH0CA6APDJ47/House+of+a+1st+century+elite.+Pompeii..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.3: House of a 1st century elite. Pompeii. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733656312-2MS030TV863M0C7VSL94/A+mosaic+from+Carthage+depicting+a+mistress+and+her+slaves.+Bardo+Museum%2C+Tunis.+3rd+century+CE.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.9: A mosaic from Carthage depicting a mistress and her slaves. Bardo Museum, Tunis. 3rd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739268712-O4CU1TT75FC2J8CJ00GX/Reproductions+of+Roman+medical+instruments.+1st+century+CE..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.31: Reproductions of Roman medical instruments. 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738271730-WTGHAXGTO1FS4ZERYLYM/Duccio+di+Buoninsegna%2C+Christ+Before+Caiaphas+and+members+of+the+Sanhedrin+.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.22: Duccio di Buoninsegna, Christ Before Caiaphas and members of the Sanhedrin (1311). Museo dell’ Opera del Duomo, Florence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739380795-27HZIY2O8TP4ZM7V0QTI/Olive+grove+in+Israel%2C+much+like+it+would+have+looked+in+the+first+century.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.33: Olive grove in Israel, much like it would have looked in the first century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733838547-KWDQD8P88DIZ7HQOVNX1/Fresco+of+a+family+banquet%2C+Pompeii%2C+1st+century+CE.+National+Archaeological+Museum%2C+Naples.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.12: Fresco of a family banquet, Pompeii, 1st century CE. National Archaeological Museum, Naples. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733476401-4EFPTIDYDCNT2X2IW3MD/The+Flagellation+of+Our+Lord+Jesus+Christ%2C+by+William-Adolphe+Bourguereau.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.6: The Flagellation of Our Lord Jesus Christ, by William-Adolphe Bourguereau (1880), Cathedral of La Rochelle, France. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566737934632-Q9F5F4S2QAQ6UMNO78I7/Fresco+of+Paul+and+Thecla+near+Ephesus.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.19: Fresco of Paul and Thecla near Ephesus, 6th century CE. Both are portrayed as equals. Probably influenced by a the 2nd century writing Acts of Thecla, they share the same height and teaching posture, but Thecla’s eyes and hand are disfigured, while Paul’s is left intact. The vandalism may indicate opposition to the teaching role of women. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733587069-7G6HV3O4H82XUW87WZSN/Paul+Writing+his+Epistles%E2%80%9D+by+Valentin+de+Boulogne+%281620%29.+Museum+of+Fine+Arts%2C+Houston..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.8: “Paul Writing his Epistles” by Valentin de Boulogne (1620). Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733538269-CW6MEVKEE49FBMMCW2DM/Household+of+an+elite+Roman+citizen+with+slaves.+Casa+deli+Amorini+Dorati%2C+Pompei.+1st+century+CE..jpg Module Two Household of an elite Roman citizen with slaves. Casa deli Amorini Dorati, Pompei. 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739783989-ZI1OJPLPVE0XV9H71T2N/Inscription+proclaiming+Caesar+Augustus+Son+of+a+God.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.37: Inscription proclaiming Caesar Augustus Son of a God (DIVI-F) and High Priest (PONTIFICI MAXIMO). Ephesus, 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738603970-AXSRHU03XJI6N6JOC044/Temple+of+Castor+and+Pollux%2C+who+were+twin+sons+of+Zeus.+Roma..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.25: Temple of Castor and Pollux, who were twin sons of Zeus. Roma. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566734267371-GHQAGJGX4K59V42ENJK3/This+figure+of+a+woman+holding+a+pen+and+codex+.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.16: This figure of a woman holding a pen and codex (book) implies literacy among at least some of the Roman women. Pompeii, 1st century CE. National Archaeological Museum, Naples. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566732984974-VIPOD94I7NWU4P6NQLEK/Roman+soldier+with+two+slaves+in+neck+collars.jpeg Module Two Fig. 2.1: Roman soldier with two slaves in neck collars. (Click the image to see the Ashmolean Museum where this relief is housed) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566734402597-NH40NR8QXJ3DF7VTROM2/Fayum+mummy+portrait+of+an+adorned+woman%2C+Egypt%2C+late+1st+century.+Walters+Art+Museum%2C+Baltimore..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.17: Fayum mummy portrait of an adorned woman, Egypt, late 1st century. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739324790-TMP3DC7TA2R10WU519K8/Traditional+terraced+vineyard+in+Israel.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.32: Traditional terraced vineyard in Israel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739864510-IBZBH3KUTXZYM9SL6K57/Tribute+penny%2C+minted+about+36+CE..png Module Two Fig. 2.38: Tribute penny, minted about 36 CE. On the left is the head of Tiberius. On the right is his mother Livia holding an olive branch and a sceptre. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739936500-8UGFZ6E126HC74Q6M3PT/Education+among+the+elites+was+vastly+different.+This+fresco+is+a+depiction+of+Plato+Academy.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.39: Education among the elites was vastly different. This fresco is a depiction of Plato Academy. Villa of T. Siminius Stephanus, Pompeii. 1st century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733351134-YRQCQM6DI6MI34CT0D1D/A+stone+ossuary+%28bone-box%29..png Module Two Fig. 2.5: A stone ossuary (bone-box). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566740057426-4BNY8DRX7COXL8F1RCFE/Wall+painting+of+Mars+and+Venus+in+Casa+del+Meleagro%2C+Pompeii.+.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.41: Wall painting of Mars and Venus in Casa del Meleagro, Pompeii. 1st century CE. Nudity and erotica were widely depicted in Roman society. National Archaeological Museum, Naples. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733714354-R4TC1IGHOJJ89QUVGGDW/Floor+mosaic+of+four+slaves+serving+two+masters+in+the+middle.+.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.10: Floor mosaic of four slaves serving two masters in the middle. The two large figures are carrying wine. The figure on the far left is carrying water and towels. The figure on the far right is carrying flowers. Dougga, Tunisia, 2nd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739999892-2THUBBFX6313PC6NJ47H/Great+Isaiah+Scroll+found+in+the+Cave+1+at+Qumran+%281QIsa%29.png Module Two Fig. 2.40: Great Isaiah Scroll found in the Cave 1 at Qumran (1QIsa). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738991839-9IOQRXYJCHF83ZYV3JGI/Olives+on+a+branch.png Module Two Fig. 2.28: Olives on a branch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739706637-5MQ5RJNVNZAQ7CY1T31K/Terrain+of+southern+Asia+Minor+%28Modern+Turkey%29+that+would+have+been+familiar+to+Paul..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.36: Terrain of southern Asia Minor (Modern Turkey) that would have been familiar to Paul. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566740133437-Q4E54SBF21CBP4JQ21LT/Coliseum+in+Rome..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.42: Coliseum in Rome. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738368337-G7U3GFOW4EUP9RR8X66I/Replica+of+Roman+flagrum+or+flagellum.+1st+century.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.23: Replica of Roman flagrum or flagellum. 1st century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733127102-MPK8VWPBQGOQRO4KFDKI/A+floor+mosaic+in+the+home+of+an+elite+in+Sepphoris..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.2: A floor mosaic in the home of an elite in Sepphoris. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739093180-G2IJSWATPGH74BF64QNI/Wall+painting+of+carpenters%2C+Pompeii.+1st+century+CE.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.29: Wall painting of carpenters, Pompeii. 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738070435-LE71TI4DV00EA9UTELW0/Lararium+%28household+shrine%29+with+tutelary+deities+and+a+guardian+serpent.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.20: Lararium (household shrine) with tutelary deities and a guardian serpent. In the centre is the family Genius, which was the family deity. Tutelary deities were patrons and protectors of a particular place or person. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738463885-7J7PDZBICHYON6GKTN3L/Heel+bone+of+a+crucifixion+victim.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.24: Heel bone of a crucifixion victim with an 11.4 cm nail, discovered in an ossuary found in a burial cave at Giv’at ha Mivtar, near Jerusalem. The name Yehochanan (John) is inscribed on the ossuary. 1st century CE. Courtesy Israel Museum, Jerusalem. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738808806-EHKZDP53QS84D8DQRUGZ/image-asset.jpeg Module Two Fig. 2.26: Wall painting of food produce at a thermopolium (hot food bar), Ostia Antica, Italy. 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733789014-WW8SBAA665CF6631M7T2/Procession+of+the+Imperial+Family.+.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.11: Procession of the Imperial Family. Frieze from the Altar of Augustan peace commemorating Augustus’ campaigns against Spain and Gaul. Museum of the Ara Pacis, Rome, 13-9 BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566737860384-QN30BVJ4VPDJIEG95N74/Fresco+from+the+Catacomb+of+Priscilla%2C+Rome.+2nd-3rd+century+CE.png Module Two Fig. 2.18: Fresco from the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome. 2nd-3rd century CE. In this depiction of the Eucharist, the participants may well be women, which would have been contrary to view of many Church Fathers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733246918-XJK3JNLBG3EOCLO3YDHX/Palestinian+farmer+in+the+Battir+hills.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.4: Palestinian farmer in the Battir hills (southwest of Jerusalem) working on his land in much the same way as first-century Jewish peasants. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566733954589-MWG2OHIJP578V4DKMPCH/Nuptial+ceremony+of+the+elite+class.+Frieze+on+the+sarcophagus+of+the+bridegroom.+Ducal+Palace%2C+Mantua.+Italy.+2nd+century+CE.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.13: Nuptial ceremony of the elite class. Frieze on the sarcophagus of the bridegroom. Ducal Palace, Mantua. Italy. 2nd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738870444-PC5KA6C9VQEFXTHEKOHO/Most+oil+lamps+in+the+Roman+period%2C+like+this+one%2C+were+made+out+of+clay.png Module Two Fig. 2.27: Most oil lamps in the Roman period, like this one, were made out of clay. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566734030686-JL4DFU658TKW5EAUNP3H/Oxyrhynchus+Papyrus.png Module Two Fig. 2.14: Oxyrhynchus Papyrus (P. Oxy.) 4 744. Courtesy of Duke databank of documentary papyri. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566739526654-35B8TQPA56EIL90QCTJB/Roman+road+in+Sepphoris.+1st+century+CE..jpg Module Two Fig. 2.35: Roman road in Sepphoris. 1st century CE. The wagon wheel ruts are still prominent. Roads varied widely with regard to quality and straightness, but each one increased local range of trade. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566738183317-7P8GHXW4QYJEF628S6FY/Davide+Ghirlandaio+%281452-1525%29%2C+Dead+Christ+Supported+by+the+Virgin%2C+St.+John+the+Evangelist%2C+and+Joseph+of+Arimathea.jpg Module Two Fig. 2.21: Davide Ghirlandaio (1452-1525), Dead Christ Supported by the Virgin, St. John the Evangelist, and Joseph of Arimathea. Pinacothèque de Paris. https://int-baek-001.com/module-fourteen daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://int-baek-001.com/module-three daily 0.75 2019-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566940484621-UYD86QIOGACGMDYHZIE2/Bust+of+Zeno+of+Citium+%28c.+334-262%29.+Naples+Archaeological+Museum%2C+3rd+century+BCE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.23: Bust of Zeno of Citium (c. 334-262). Naples Archaeological Museum, 3rd century BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566939626505-RI3UYU9QCE3FQA2TLJAM/Temple+of+Athena%2C+Delphi%2C+4th+century+BCE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.15: Temple of Athena, Delphi, 4th century BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566940584310-5TJ7HXXIL1XSZDV1EGG9/Bust+of+Emperor+Marcus+Aurelius%2C+Ephesus+Museum%2C+2nd+century+CE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.24: Bust of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Ephesus Museum, 2nd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566934786137-GKHAS8F4FUWKECJ375UP/Temple+of+Apollo%2C+Corinth%2C+6th+century+BCE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.1: Temple of Apollo, Corinth, 6th century BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566939991390-I6MFSI7UKZQ3TMMFJ0EZ/One+of+the+most+common+representations+of+the+Mithraic+mysteries+that+has+survived+is+the+slaying+of+the+sacred+bull+by+the+god+Mithras.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.18: One of the most common representations of the Mithraic mysteries that has survived is the slaying of the sacred bull by the god Mithras who comes down from heaven to perform a sacrificial act. The bull’s blood appears to be desired by the other creatures. Vatican Museum, Rome, 2nd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566940069831-3IXINT36JA7AMEEH4G5P/Mosaic+of+the+personification+of+Soteria+%28Salvation%29%2C+the+goddess+of+deliverance+and+safety.+Hatay+Archaeological+Museum%2C+Antakya%2C+5th+century+CE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.19: Mosaic of the personification of Soteria (Salvation), the goddess of deliverance and safety. Hatay Archaeological Museum, Antakya, 5th century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566940295751-828MGET3RQXPXYWCM84Z/Raphael%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CSt.+Paul+Preaching+in+Athens.%E2%80%9D+1515.+Victoria+and+Albert+Museum%2C+London..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.21: Raphael’s “St. Paul Preaching in Athens.” 1515. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566939714062-UEV6ZCF795HYIN8FPGSU/Fresco+of+Jesus+with+a+wand+raising+Lazarus%2C+Catacomb+of+Giordani%2C+Rome%2C+3rd+century+CE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.16: Fresco of Jesus with a wand raising Lazarus, Catacomb of Giordani, Rome, 3rd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566939120760-T5DBBIVGBPXR2JID4DO3/Temple+of+Hadrian%2C+Ephesus%2C+117+CE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.13: Temple of Hadrian, Ephesus, 117 CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566940399001-YIEHOJPNSVKJDGGEATAX/The+Areopagus+%28Ares+Rock%29%2C+where+Paul+delivered+his+sermon+to+the+philosophers.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.22: The Areopagus (Ares Rock), where Paul delivered his sermon to the philosophers, was the site of a court in Classical Athens. The Romans renamed it “Mars Hill” after their god of war. Today, only a large rock remains. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566935413448-UBOT46CFTLKAXYW5LQZL/elief+of+deities%2C+Ephesus+Museum.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.6: Relief of deities, Ephesus Museum, 4th century CE. The figures have been identified from left to right as (1) Dae Roma, (2) Selene, (3) a god, (4) Apollo. (5) Artemis, (6) Androclos and his dog, (7) Heracles, (8) Dionysus, (9) Hermes or Emperor Theodosius, (10) Hecate or Artemis of Ephesus, (11) Aphrodite or Cybele, or wife of Theodosius, (12) Ares, and (13) Athena. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566934866999-ZHS34H7L3G576MYV1E67/This+Synagogue+floor+mosaic%2C+often+called+%E2%80%9Cthe+Mona+Lisa+of+Galilee%2C.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.2: This Synagogue floor mosaic, often called “the Mona Lisa of Galilee,” was discovered at Sepphoris. Although it is dated to the 5th century CE, it serves as an example of Pagan and Jewish syncretism. The figure on the left is believed to be Dionysus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566936263893-NYNXGCBK5IUV0CBI1R6H/The+Temple+of+Antonino+and+Faustina+%282nd+century+CE%29+.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.10: The Temple of Antonino and Faustina (2nd century CE) was converted to a Christian church in the 7th century, when it was renamed San Lorenzo in Miranda. Rome. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566935282512-MWDF5JL6B52SKIQU4LM8/Mosaic+depicting+Christ+as+Sol+Invictus+%28%E2%80%9Cunconquered+sun%E2%80%9D%29.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.5: Mosaic depicting Christ as Sol Invictus (“unconquered sun”), which was the sun god in the later empire, Helios, or Apollo. Vatican, 4th century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566940220737-1G2EN2X765YS7XML4KI8/Fresco+of+Socrates%2C+Ephesus+Museum%2C+1st+century+CE.+This+is+one+of+only+a+few+portraits+of+Socrates+in+existence+that+has+survived..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.20: Fresco of Socrates, Ephesus Museum, 1st century CE. This is one of only a few portraits of Socrates in existence that has survived. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566934944219-9MZKL9HTQO5BC60J8FVN/Ruins+of+the+Great+Theatre%2C+Ephesus.+Grand+structures+were+cultural+symbols+of+Rome%E2%80%99s+power+and+influence..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.3.: Ruins of the Great Theatre, Ephesus. Grand structures were cultural symbols of Rome’s power and influence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566939884584-YAIQ5N14DRAY9YUYTVB7/Fresco+from+the+Villa+of+Mysteries%2C+Pompeii%2C+1st+century.+This+scene+is+commonly+interpreted+as+an+initiation+ceremony+into+the+Dionysian+mystery+cult..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.17: Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii, 1st century. This scene is commonly interpreted as an initiation ceremony into the Dionysian mystery cult. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566939437704-3NY2JTZQI7CE5T8VUCGS/Mosaic+depicting+supersitious+charms+that+ward+off+the+evil+eye..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.14: Mosaic depicting supersitious charms that ward off the evil eye. One of the most common charms worn by soldiers and boys was phallus (called a Fascinum), which represented Fascinus, the Roman god of fertility and abundance. Antioch, 2nd century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566935886348-5PZ9AUWQ5XFY1X3XN57X/Bust+of+Pythagoras+of+Samos+.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.7: Bust of Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580-500 BCE), Capitoline Museum, Rome. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566935986545-LTJ833AHON9X5Y7NPNOJ/Head+of+Zeus%2C+Ephesus+Museum%2C+1st+century+CE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.8: Head of Zeus, Ephesus Museum, 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566936358790-K78JU96A3J44L8SMT5UG/Relief+of+the+Ara+Pacis+Augustae+%28Altar+of+Augustan+Peace%29.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.11: Relief of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) in a religious procession, depicting Augustus as the Pontifex Maximus and the members of his family. Uffizi Museum, Florence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566935094560-6215DTYFIF34T29TB9SG/Mosaic+of+Poseidon+and+Amphitrite%2C+Herculaneum%2C+1st+century+CE.jpg Module Three Fig. 3.4: Mosaic of Poseidon and Amphitrite, Herculaneum, 1st century CE. Roman and Greek gods were commonly depicted in the nude or semi-clad. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566936104460-8Y7UYAQND1C0K1CJZOOQ/Temple+of+Apollo%2C+Delphi.+4th+century+BCE..jpg Module Three Fig. 3.9: Temple of Apollo, Delphi. 4th century BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566936537452-PCGWQYT5LA7S95AHVKAL/image-asset.png Module Three Fig. 3.12: Denarius depicting Augustus as a son of a god (perhaps as Neptune) resting his foot on the world. 27 BCE. Notice that the world is represented as a globe, which is contrary to belief that the earth came to be viewed as a sphere during the time of Christopher Columbus. https://int-baek-001.com/module-fifteen-1 daily 0.75 2021-07-29 https://int-baek-001.com/module-thirteen daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://int-baek-001.com/module-one daily 0.75 2019-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725367209-76J4ML83P046VGRIV4UP/Ruins+of+Caesarea+Maritima%2C+Israel.jpg Module One Fig. 1.22: Ruins of Caesarea Maritima, Israel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725694387-8QXGIBJVIWHFFKT3Q1HZ/Tetradrachma.+Herod+Agrippa+with+a+diadem+on+the+left.+Tyche+on+the+right..png Module One Fig. 1.26: Tetradrachma. Herod Agrippa with a diadem on the left. Tyche on the right. He was one of a few Jewish rulers to depict his image on a coin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566723292252-3H9M3LQV1TPGCD6JYZHZ/A+bust+of+Alexander+the+Great.png Module One Fig. 1.6 A bust of Alexander the Great https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566723423392-XCEKT1AHW40DB8GH2WXZ/Alexander%E2%80%99s+empire+at+the+time+of+his+death.jpg Module One Map 1.1: Alexander’s empire at the time of his death. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724665563-4OY4A0TH47R1C3ZYUI9Z/Tetradrachm+depicting+Antiochus+IV+on+the+left+and+Zeus+on+the+right.png Module One Fig. 1.13: Tetradrachm depicting Antiochus IV on the left and Zeus on the right, with the caption “King Antiochus, manifest ion of God.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724487915-K1AZ0WUCQQTRDGVWMOPO/A+plate+featuring+a+nude+athlete+in+Greek+style.jpg Module One Fig. 1.11: A plate featuring a nude athlete in Greek style. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566722891059-7F6TYVLRMW63X463LPSI/Wilderness+near+the+Dead+Sea.jpg Module One Fig. 1.1: Wilderness near the Dead Sea.Fig. 1.1: Wilderness near the Dead Sea. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724268573-HKQNRG29AYWWD9U1RD84/The+Ptolemaic+Empire+at+its+height+in+270+BCE.png Module One The Ptolemaic Empire at its height in 270 BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725475660-SFSNEDLTJ5S8TAHTAJHX/Dedication+to+Pontius+Pilate+found+at+Caesarea+Maritima.+1st+century+CE..jpg Module One Fig. 1.24: Dedication to Pontius Pilate found at Caesarea Maritima. 1st century CE. The inscription reads, “Pontius Pilate, Prefect of Judaea, [erected] a [building dedicated to the emperor] Tiberius.” The brackets indicate missing words. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725595574-31JWS7ZMD4H24SLNK82O/View+from+the+hill+of+Sepphoris.jpg Module One Fig. 1.25: View from the hill of Sepphoris. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725165383-NGYAT5ZIQLAT1EW4KXZW/Roman+Empire+in+the+first+century.png Module One Map 1.3: Roman Empire in the first century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725238190-IHSG31DU45I449FYYH0Q/Parthian+prisoner+of+a+Roman+soldier%2C+Arch+of+Septimius+Severus.+Rome.jpg Module One Fig. 1.20: Parthian prisoner of a Roman soldier, Arch of Septimius Severus. Rome. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724575677-X5CNA55EMKKEYDOR30LP/image-asset.png Module One Fig. 1.12: Bust of Antiochus IV 'Epiphanes' https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725306751-Z6471O1QFAGC08KFZMHY/Prutah%2C+used+during+the+time+of+Herod.png Module One Fig. 1.21: Prutah, used during the time of Herod. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724350695-GIYXOZ13N8B74RYWUJ4M/Reconstruction+of+the+Alexandrian+Library.jpg Module One Fig. 1.9: Reconstruction of the Alexandrian Library, which was one of the most significant libraries from the 3rd century BCE to the time of its destruction in the Roman period. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724796503-U0XEEEG956LSU1QIFC5Y/At+Hanukkah%2C+the+Menorah+%28branched+candelabra%29+has+been+annually+lit+for+over+two+thousand+years.jpg Module One Fig. 1.15: At Hanukkah, the Menorah (branched candelabra) has been annually lit for over two thousand years. This is a Roman mosaic from Tunis, 3rd-5th century CE. Brooklyn Museum. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566723228058-L0RJO0GUNMC3Z1BJF0PS/image-asset.png Module One Fig. 1.5: Cyrus Cylinder inscribed with Babylonian cuneiform, recording the account of Persia’s defeat of the Babylonians in 539 BCE. British Museum, London. c. 539-530 BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724989988-TNYMNLOUHPT4ADLBTIJ1/Replica+of+a+Roman+centurion%E2%80%99s+helmet.jpg Module One Fig. 1.18: Replica of a Roman centurion’s helmet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566723347349-HZWVFPP3O88I2KS5RGKG/image-asset.jpeg Module One Fig. 1.7: Floor mosaic of the battle of Issus, between Alexander (on far left) and Darius III (central figure on right) found in the House of the Faun, Pompeii. 1st century CE. National Archaeological Museum, Naples. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566723035198-12MZRYV8D67HTP8DUOWP/Ishtar+Gate%2C+dedicated+to+the+Babylonian+goddess+Ishtar.jpg Module One Fig. 1.3: Ishtar Gate, dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar. This was one of several gates leading to inner city of Babylon. It was built during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II in 575 BCE. Pergamon Museum, Berlin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724928729-OJFEVF7EAZ8GYOHJJF54/General+Pompey.jpg Module One Fig. 1.17: General Pompey. Marble bust, c. first century CE. New Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566723100959-WW0OEM0V16QCL3CVXL7D/Masaccio%2C+Expulsion+of+Adam+and+Eve.jpg Module One Fig. 1.4: Masaccio, Expulsion of Adam and Eve. 1426. Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725418997-61FF0CJQP31I8NMDJFWK/Replica+of+Herod%E2%80%99s+Temple%2C+Jerusalem.jpg Module One Fig. 1.23 Replica of Herod’s Temple, Jerusalem. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724736080-ZVC6R57CHAEQBQBZC670/Coin+from+the+Hasmonean+Period+depicting+an+anchor.png Module One Fig. 1.14: Coin from the Hasmonean Period depicting an anchor https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725939782-L9A2FXO0NPCPYULJXST1/The+Fortress+of+Masada.jpg Module One Fig. 1.29: The Fortress of Masada https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724052012-GKPTAEWLLB85FLDE0250/image+coming+soon.jpg Module One Fig. 1.8: A bust of General Ptolemy I, 3rd century BCE. Louvre Museum, Paris. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725785471-3YHP2UDPZ4ANOO8L1EPM/Coin+from+71+CE+commemorating+Vespasian%E2%80%99s+suppression+of+the+Jewish+Revolt.+.jpg Module One Fig. 1.27: Coin from 71 CE commemorating Vespasian’s suppression of the Jewish Revolt. Judaea is represented by a woman weeping under a palm tree. Ashmolean Museum. Oxford. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725092553-4MV1UXRSLLUNCR8HI2J0/Statue+of+Emperor+Augustus+of+Prima+Porta%2C+Vatican+Museum%2C+c.+15+CE.png Module One Fig. 1.19: Statue of Emperor Augustus of Prima Porta, Vatican Museum, c. 15 CE https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725877025-9IIXNAYMEX1NB1Q4HGPE/Bust+of+General+and+Emperor+Titus%2C+Uffizi+Gallery%2C+Florence..jpg Module One Fig. 1.28: Bust of General and Emperor Titus, Uffizi Gallery, Florence. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566725536324-53NJR07R6XYF2LAMW6P6/Palestine+under+Herodian+rule.png Module One Map 1.4:Palestine under Herodian rule. Click on the image to expand. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566722970237-C7Z2EE9NK52UZQZHCTV7/Assyrian+relief.png Module One Fig. 1.2: Assyrian relief https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724422551-DHBZY7FHJMUTBHX3NKZ6/Replica+of+3rd+century+BCE+bust+of+Antiochus+lll%2C+Muse%CC%81e+du+Louvre%2C+Paris.jpg Module One Fig. 1.10: Replica of 3rd century BCE bust of Antiochus lll, Musée du Louvre, Paris. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1566724859185-B9OWYQOCABZDPN83ACGI/Arch+of+Titus%2C+Rome.+82+CE.+The+relief+depicts+the+Roman+soldiers+carrying+a+Menorah+from+Jerusalem+as+a+symbol+of+victory+over+the+Jews.jpg Module One Fig. 1.16: Arch of Titus, Rome. 82 CE. The relief depicts the Roman soldiers carrying a Menorah from Jerusalem as a symbol of victory over the Jews. https://int-baek-001.com/module-eight daily 0.75 2019-09-14 https://int-baek-001.com/module-sixteen daily 0.75 2019-10-10 https://int-baek-001.com/module-six daily 0.75 2019-09-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567250347226-0OIUGE2N4USFSOZRPPS8/Icon+of+St.+Irenaeus+%28c.+130-202%29%2C+bishop+of+Lyon%2C+holding+the+scriptures..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.15: Icon of St. Irenaeus (c. 130-202), bishop of Lyon, holding the scriptures. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567178132836-QDHNT6P1JSLXKOWAJ711/Scribe%E2%80%99s+palette+with+writing+instruments..png Module Six Fig. 6.5: Scribe’s palette with writing instruments. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567250635052-KCB7ZMCOPBCSU143HAES/Note+the+scribe%E2%80%99s+comment+in+the+margin%2C+which+is+to+the+left+of+Heb+1-3%2C+Codex+Vaticanus..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.16: Note the scribe’s comment in the margin, which is to the left of Heb 1:3, Codex Vaticanus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249649694-OR6ITG30L3PRCGC5L8RG/P66.+Pictured+here+is+the+beginning+of+John%E2%80%99s+Gospel..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.9: P66. Pictured here is the beginning of John’s Gospel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249481445-H9WBVYTROO7ODTM54AO7/A+Torah+scroll..png Module Six Fig. 6.7: A Torah scroll. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249798240-PCT0B135Y46UKP0BSUBU/Wall+painting+from+Pompeii+showing+a+woman+with+a+wax+tablet+and+stylus..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.11: Wall painting from Pompeii showing a woman with a wax tablet and stylus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567250708180-1Q3W5Y8GJ91UTDNYUIBG/Fresco+of+Cardinal+Hugh+of+St.+Cher+at+his+writing+table+by+Tommaso+da+Modena%2C+Basilica+San+Nicolo%2C+Traviso%2C+Italy%2C+1352..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.17: Fresco of Cardinal Hugh of St. Cher at his writing table by Tommaso da Modena, Basilica San Nicolo, Traviso, Italy, 1352. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567177853079-Y2IIS4G11BJXR47N48N4/This+is+the+first+page+of+Matthew+in+the+NA+27..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.2: This is the first page of Matthew in the NA 27. The bottom of the page indicates variant readings. Every page of the New Testament is much like this one. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567177968942-MU5KF7VGBBUP3G9QEE8X/Papyrus+plant.jpg Module Six Fig. 6.3: Papyrus plant https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249949288-KIWN4GAMLAXZ0ZCBK3ZB/Another+large+collection+of+papyrus+sheets+is+P75++%28also+called+Papyrus+Bodmer+XIV-XV%29%2C+which+contains+the+last+half+of+Luke+and+the+first+half+of+John..gif Module Six Fig. 6.13: Another large collection of papyrus sheets is P75 (also called Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV), which contains the last half of Luke and the first half of John. It is dated between 175-225 CE. The figure is one of 102 pages that have survived. Pictured here is the ending of Luke and the beginning of John. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249863237-HPL13TY7S037PYA8XV8R/Codex+Sinaiticus.+This+is+the+beginning+of+John%E2%80%99s+Gospel..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.12: Codex Sinaiticus. This is the beginning of John’s Gospel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567250025100-A802M9EZ20UW6X0DNC8X/This+is+the+first+edition+of+the+Greek+New+Testament%2C+with+a+Latin+translation+on+the+right%2C+translated+and+edited+by+Desiderius+Erasmus+of+Rotterdam+%281466-1536%29.+.jpg Module Six Fig. 6:14: This is the first edition of the Greek New Testament, with a Latin translation on the right, translated and edited by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536). Published in four editions (from 1519-1535), it challenged the prevailing Latin translation by Jerome, and was used by Luther for his German translation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249372719-W3HI4GANHILY2QR1FH1M/Stitching+on+the+Great+Isaiah+Scroll..png Module Six Fig. 6.6: Stitching on the Great Isaiah Scroll. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567178085403-EQDJQS1KFWWVWQE0CYTO/Writing+instruments+made+from+papyrus+stalks..png Module Six Fig. 6.4: Writing instruments made from papyrus stalks. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567250561610-143N2ZLD8WZW1V19SFLY/a+scribes+complaint.png Module Six https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567177745715-FUGQPK3RKIDRBD449GRZ/10th+century+illumination+of+Mark+writing+his+Gospel.+Strahov+Monastery%2C+Prague..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.1: 10th century illumination of Mark writing his Gospel. Strahov Monastery, Prague. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567250777713-VNL23C0RAJ36WR2TOGWR/Robert+Stephanus%E2%80%99+Greek-Latin+New+Testament+with+chapter+and+verse+numbering..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.18: Robert Stephanus’ Greek-Latin New Testament with chapter and verse numbering. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249547651-RWY7VIN753CVFNYZ0HZ5/Wall+painting+from+Pompeii+showing+a+young+woman+holding+a+tablet+with+four+sheets..jpg Module Six Fig. 6.8: Wall painting from Pompeii showing a young woman holding a tablet with four sheets. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567249736949-57GGIDRMPJLQ6V7BI17U/Portable+Roman+writing+table+and+an+iron+stylus+inlaid+with+copper..png Module Six Fig. 6.10: Portable Roman writing table and an iron stylus inlaid with copper. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567250431863-F40KH0MA1ALNZKVGGI6K/an+accidental+substitution.png Module Six https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567178047591-AL20ONMKKUFUT0HD3VKF/making+papyri.png Module Six https://int-baek-001.com/module-ten daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://int-baek-001.com/module-seventeen daily 0.75 2021-07-29 https://int-baek-001.com/module-seven daily 0.75 2019-09-14 https://int-baek-001.com/module-fifteen daily 0.75 2019-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692716167-FKV6R2FMR3OK4YLI9WGU/Reenactment+photograph+of+ancient+scribal+students..jpeg Module Fifteen Reenactment photograph of ancient scribal students. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570650314420-KPNREF1LDW3ZJOVLNKH7/Artist%27s+depiction+of+Paul+the+Apostle.jpeg Module Fifteen Artist's depiction of Paul the Apostle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570650373868-2MJFXTOSWRD3QP5WUPD4/Albert+Scweitzer.jpeg Module Fifteen Albert Scweitzer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570693065122-9VV346Z8O3R2JDQIKKPR/Some+ruins+of+Damascus.jpg Module Fifteen Some ruins of Damascus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570693469950-7TRDUUZDKQSZEE16A1PM/Dictation+to+an+amanuensis.jpeg Module Fifteen Dictation to an amanuensis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692500202-IB95JTTXG2AIGBE2LZ8Q/Tarsus+ruins.jpg Module Fifteen Tarsus ruins https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692654285-7YRLX36A6DQ4T4VNU8LJ/Arch+of+Titus+%28detail+showing+Menorah%29.png Module Fifteen Arch of Titus (detail showing Menorah) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570693009505-88LPEC8391CLTQHO2CN3/The+conversion+of+St.+Paul.jpg Module Fifteen The conversion of St. Paul https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692230191-FK0A0V76LBARDWHPIM7Y/Ernst+Ka%CC%88semann.gif Module Fifteen Ernst Käsemann https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692435246-E1DME7YC0HI9YLCY2ELG/Location+of+Tarsus.png Module Fifteen Location of Tarsus https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692809644-QYUQF5XFP7NKG20KB3KX/Modern+reenactment+photo+of+Pharisees.jpeg Module Fifteen Modern reenactment photo of Pharisees https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570650467061-AX7S5OPXZKIMRLDDXBYG/Rudolph+Bultmann.jpg Module Fifteen Rudolph Bultmann https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692288467-PAOF95DA60GFZPP7EQH6/N.+T.+Wright.jpg Module Fifteen N. T. Wright https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570692940270-2SLECIISW3R1Y4UWKGNG/Paul+sanctions+the+stoning+of+Stephen..jpeg Module Fifteen Paul sanctions the stoning of Stephen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570693389199-IBX3EXVTE22LRA6JZL7O/A+manuscript+of+Ephesians.png Module Fifteen A manuscript of Ephesians https://int-baek-001.com/afterword daily 0.75 2019-07-25 https://int-baek-001.com/module-five daily 0.75 2019-09-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157236426-VQTK3KKABLL2ME69F171/Wall+painting+of+the+Healing+of+the+Paralytic+from+the+Baptistry+of+the+Domus+ecclesiae%2C+Duro+Europos%2C+Syria..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.1: Wall painting of the Healing of the Paralytic from the Baptistry of the Domus ecclesiae, Duro Europos, Syria. This may be the oldest image of Jesus that we have today, dating to about 235 CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567158213972-JWAHM39YDTZ5S4GOX848/Click+on+the+image+to+expand+the+text.+This+is+a+synopsis+of+Jesus%E2%80%99+baptism+in+Matthew%2C+Mark%2C+and+Luke+from+the+NRSV..png Module Five Fig. 5.14: Click on the image to expand the text. This is a synopsis of Jesus’ baptism in Matthew, Mark, and Luke from the NRSV. When the scene is read in parallel (i.e. horizontally), it is much easier to see the nuances. Courtesy of Accordance Bible Software. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157569178-DDUN6F1971L5TYTKKBIE/Giorgio+Vasari+%E2%80%9CThe+Incredulity+of+St.+Thomas.%E2%80%9D+Basilica+of+Santa+Croce.+1572..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.5: Giorgio Vasari “The Incredulity of St. Thomas.” Basilica of Santa Croce. 1572. This scene depicts Thomas’ encounter with the risen Christ (John 20:26-28). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567158043385-W8CCR4YFU37IX6J5AUUV/No+manuscripts+from+Tatian%E2%80%99s+Diatessaron%2C+which+was+originally+written+in+Syriac%2C+have+survived..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.12: No manuscripts from Tatian’s Diatessaron, which was originally written in Syriac, have survived. However, some early manuscripts from the Syriac bible (OT), called the Peshitta, have survived. This is an Illustration from the book of Job. Paris Syriac manuscript 341 f.46R. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 6th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157979156-DM8QJ877KHD6WN1ALREG/P75%2C+Bodmer+Papyrus+XIV-XV%2C+late+2nd+early+3rd+century.+.jpg Module Five Fig. 5.11: P75, Bodmer Papyrus XIV-XV, late 2nd/early 3rd century. This part of the Greek manuscript contains the end of Luke’s Gospel, which is entitled “Gospel according to Luke,” and the beginning of John’s Gospels, which is entitled “Gospel according to John.” In the middle of this photo, one can easily pick out the word ∆OYKAN, which means “Luke.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567173064252-PTYKNYDXMVMQ7UO8628S/Mosaic+of+the+Lamb+of+God.+.jpg Module Five Fig. 5.32: Mosaic of the Lamb of God. Apse in the Basilica of Saints Cosmas and Damian. Rome. 7th century. The twelve Apostles are also depicted as sheep facing Jesus the Lamb. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567173023237-1DWLY0X3P5KHLMVZEGGF/Leonardo+da+Vinci%2C+%E2%80%9CThe+Annunciation%E2%80%9D+Uffizi%2C+Florence.+c.+1472..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.31: Leonardo da Vinci, “The Annunciation” Uffizi, Florence. c. 1472. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567165127701-GE9KZ288OJOD3XIEZX0W/Fresco+of+Justin+Martyr+by+Theophanes+the+Cretan+and+his+son+Simeon.jpg Module Five Fig. 5.22: Fresco of Justin Martyr by Theophanes the Cretan and his son Simeon, The Church of St. Nicholas Stavronikita Monastery, Mount Athos, Greece. 1546. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157899416-APQBGW0L0RL5H6B2UQ1K/Fresco+of+apostles+dressed+in+Roman+togas%2C+discovered+in+the+hypogeum+of+the+Aurelii+was+a+catacomb+built+for+the+prestigious+Aurelli+family.+Rome%2C+early+3rd+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.10: Fresco of apostles dressed in Roman togas, discovered in the hypogeum of the Aurelii was a catacomb built for the prestigious Aurelli family. Rome, early 3rd century. Many of the early Christian groups believed themselves to be followers of one or more of the apostles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567165264042-1B28FZM6ZC8OCTHKMC11/First+page+of+the+Apocryphon+of+John%2C+one+of+the+gnostic+writings+found+at+Nag+Hammadi%2C+Egypt.+The+Coptic+Museum%2C+Cairo.+2nd+century+CE..png Module Five Fig. 5.24: First page of the Apocryphon of John, one of the gnostic writings found at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. The Coptic Museum, Cairo. 2nd century CE. Click to see an enlarged image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567176563382-69YS7QN6WB3TPDIJVG69/Ceiling+fresco+of+scenes+from+the+Jewish+bible.+.jpg Module Five Fig. 5.36: Ceiling fresco of scenes from the Jewish bible. Catacombs of Peter and Marcellinus, Rome. c. 300. For example, on the far left Jonah is being cast into the sea, and on the far right he is vomited out by the fish. The story of Jonah was often compared to Christ’s death and resurrection (as in Matt 16:4). Just under one hundred figures of Jonah have been found in early Christian catacombs and on sarcophagi dating prior to Constantine’s reign in the early part of the fourth century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157377787-LUFN1I3KA2ZAPKLWWV45/Wall+painting+of+Christ+walking+on+water+with+the+disciples+in+the+boat..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.3: Wall painting of Christ walking on water with the disciples in the boat. From the Baptistry of the Domus ecclesiae, Duro Europos, Syria. This is also a very early image of Jesus, dating to the middle of the 3rd CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157790630-H9HHCK9PCGI4H9RLRYPR/Ruins+of+a+house+church%2C+with+chapel+on+the+left.+Duro+Europos%2C+Syria.+Early+3rd+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.8: Ruins of a house church, with chapel on the left. Duro Europos, Syria. Early 3rd century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157836294-52908ZL804T9ZJLCJPUL/Remains+of+a+5th+century+Byzantine+church+at+Sardis+%28one+of+the+seven+churches+in+Revelation%29%2C+built+on+the+site+of+the+Artemis+Temple+%285th+century+BCE%29..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.9: Remains of a 5th century Byzantine church at Sardis (one of the seven churches in Revelation), built on the site of the Artemis Temple (5th century BCE). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567166077000-RFC1Z4BNU5NYBWM90MQY/Guido+Reni%2C+%E2%80%9CMoses+with+the+Tables+of+the+Law.%E2%80%9D+Galleria+Borghese%2C+Rome.+1624..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.28: Guido Reni, “Moses with the Tables of the Law.” Galleria Borghese, Rome. 1624. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157319879-NBSLZ3RUPKECD1I2TSZI/Late+Roman+apse+mosaic+from+the+basilica+of+Santa+Pudenziana%2C+Rome%2C+4th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.2: Late Roman apse mosaic from the basilica of Santa Pudenziana, Rome, 4th century. Christ is depicted as a Roman teacher, sitting on a jewelled throne, wearing a golden toga with purple trim, which represented authority. He is surrounded by his Apostles who are wearing senatorial togas. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567165025542-I9ILFQNWIOPHXXK88QT4/Solidus+%28gold+coin%29+with+the+head+of+Emperor+Flavius+Theodosius+I.+In+circulation-+379-395+CE..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.21: Solidus (gold coin) with the head of Emperor Flavius Theodosius I. In circulation: 379-395 CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157716848-OX4VGRAGCHXIN0GMRWYB/Mosaic+of+Risen+Jesus+with+the+disciples%2C+Basilica+di+Sant%E2%80%99+Apollinare+Nuovo%2C+Ravenna%2C+Italy.+6th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.7: Mosaic of Risen Jesus with the disciples, Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy. 6th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567172965515-T2JB0F67OL86W41LWNBS/Gioachino+Assereto%2C+%E2%80%9CIsaac+Blessing+Jacob.%E2%80%9D+Hermitage+Museum%2C+St.+Petersburg%2C+c.+1643..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.30: Gioachino Assereto, “Isaac Blessing Jacob.” Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, c. 1643. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567173137488-UD8B5ZTUAHBDDBOJM5TG/Ruins+of+an+Essene+settlement+at+Qumran%2C+which+was+most+likely+destroyed+by+the+Romans+in+66-70+CE..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.33: Ruins of an Essene settlement at Qumran, which was most likely destroyed by the Romans in 66-70 CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567173282962-2Y3HEK4JXAZRSH0719DP/Hal+Lindsey%E2%80%99s+book%2C+published+in+1970%2C+sold+millions%2C+beginning+a+modern+kind+of+pesher+reading+of+the+Bible..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.34: Hal Lindsey’s book, published in 1970, sold millions, beginning a modern kind of pesher reading of the Bible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567165360066-XQ08JDPACFSDZVK1SZZE/Manuscript+illumination+of+the+Apostle+John+and+Marcion+of+Sinope.jpg Module Five Fig. 5.25: Manuscript illumination of the Apostle John and Marcion of Sinope (according to R. Eisler, The Enigma of the Fourth Apostle [Methuen & Co., 1938, p. 158, plate XIII]). J. Pierpoint Morgan Library MS 748, folio 150 verso. 11th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567176627040-2FHF5GD0NMI0KMD3AN7W/Duccio+di+Buoninsegna%2C+%E2%80%9CRoad+to+Emmaus%2C%E2%80%9D+Museo+dell%E2%80%99+Opera+del+Duomo%2C+Siena.+1308-11..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.37: Duccio di Buoninsegna, “Road to Emmaus,” Museo dell’ Opera del Duomo, Siena. 1308-11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157617467-VHDL8FXIA4L0B3HBH03P/Fresco%2C+by+Damiane%2C+%E2%80%9CJesus+Christ+and+St.+John+the+Apostle%2C+Ubisi%2C+Georgia.+14th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.6: Fresco, by Damiane, “Jesus Christ and St. John the Apostle, Ubisi, Georgia. 14th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567164819857-PFW2D171CL668T278GP0/Adamo+Tadolini%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CStatue+of+St.+Paul%2C%E2%80%9D+St.+Peter%E2%80%99s+Basilica%2C+Vatican.+1838..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.19: Adamo Tadolini’s “Statue of St. Paul,” St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican. 1838. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567164954703-WR3SLJ5OBY6PBXK99NO1/Greek+Orthodox+icon+of+the+Apostle+Paul%2C+by+Father+Pefkis%2C+Trikala%2C+Greece..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.20: Greek Orthodox icon of the Apostle Paul, by Father Pefkis, Trikala, Greece. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567166154493-ZN7AKJ1ZMEG0WCO8A6XQ/%E2%80%9CJoseph+and+Aseneth%E2%80%9D+by+an+unknown+artist.+Staatliche+Museen%2C+Berlin%2C+c.+1500.+.jpg Module Five Fig. 5.29: “Joseph and Aseneth” by an unknown artist. Staatliche Museen, Berlin, c. 1500. The apocryphal story of Joseph and Aseneth, found today in the OT Pseudepigrapha, is an aggadic midrash on Gen 41:45. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567164534892-6615CNVH1WDXRR2NF4TO/Illustration+of+Luke+the+evangelist.+Lindisfarne+Gospels%2C+British+Library%2C+London.+7th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.17: Illustration of Luke the evangelist. Lindisfarne Gospels, British Library, London. 7th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567158122402-PFFDBELY79E5572EIDUL/Peter+Paul+Rubens%E2%80%99+%E2%80%9CMary+annointing+Jesus+feet.%E2%80%9D+Hermitage+Museum%2C+St.+Petersburg%2C+Russia.+c.+1618..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.13: Peter Paul Rubens’ “Mary annointing Jesus feet.” Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. c. 1618. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567165189925-4P90J0ICI95P4WPELP79/Codices+discovered+at+Nag+Hammadi+in+1945..png Module Five Fig. 5.23: Codices discovered at Nag Hammadi in 1945. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567165502288-PJBT6J3281EH9NS3LQ56/Rembrandt%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CThe+Evangelist+Matthew+Inspired+by+an+Angel.%E2%80%9D+Louvre-Lens%2C+Lens%2C+France.+1661..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.26: Rembrandt’s “The Evangelist Matthew Inspired by an Angel.” Louvre-Lens, Lens, France. 1661. According to the Adoptionists, Matthew was the most Jewish of the New Testament writers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567165591505-NUA9JAR2GW95UHBCFFTL/Caravaggio%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CSacrifice+of+Isaac%2C%E2%80%9D+Uffizi+Museum%2C+Florence.+1603..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.27: Caravaggio’s “Sacrifice of Isaac,” Uffizi Museum, Florence. 1603. The binding of Isaac (Genesis 22), known as the Aqedah, was interpreted in a variety of ways in early and rabbinic Judaism. For example, some rabbis argued that God was simply testing Abraham. Others argued that God simply wanted a symbolic sacrifice, like a spiritual surrender. One rabbi in the medieval period even argued that Abraham’s imagination led him astray since God would never command such an act. In the Targum to Genesis, Isaac wants to be sacrificed to prove his devotion. The early Christians applied the whole scene to the sacrifice of Jesus (e.g. Heb 11:17-19). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567164616862-4RJXQ29VZEJT3MEL57ZM/Illustration+of+John+the+evangelist.+Lindisfarne+Gospels%2C+British+Library%2C+London.+7th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.18: Illustration of John the evangelist. Lindisfarne Gospels, British Library, London. 7th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567157478102-16C3I1WJSQSIOLF96MAJ/Mosaic+of+the+Apostle+Paul%2C+Museo+arcivescovile+di+Ravenna%2C+Italy.+Early+6th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.4: Mosaic of the Apostle Paul, Museo arcivescovile di Ravenna, Italy. Early 6th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567164498082-10DOO9Z4QM84B9TQUVDJ/Illustration+of+Matthew+the+evangelist.+Lindisfarne+Gospels%2C+British+Library%2C+London.+7th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.16: Illustration of Matthew the evangelist. Lindisfarne Gospels, British Library, London. 7th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567176709332-RLY834YTSGOQCZIKS1C6/Hans+Speckaert%2C+Conversion+of+St.+Paul%2C+Muse%CC%81e+du+Louvre%2C+Paris.+1577.+.jpg Module Five Fig. 5.38: Hans Speckaert, Conversion of St. Paul, Musée du Louvre, Paris. 1577. Paul’s vision of Christ is told three times in the book of Acts (9:3-9; 22:6-11; 26:12-18), but it does not explicitly appear in his own letters. Some scholars, however, point to 1 Cor 15:3-8 and Gal 1:11-16. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567164458022-IF2VNTGEKEE61888U3MT/Illustration+of+Mark+the+evangelist.+Lindisfarne+Gospels%2C+British+Library%2C+London.+7th+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.15: Illustration of Mark the evangelist. Lindisfarne Gospels, British Library, London. 7th century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567173454510-029ZAUKCSY4P59HB6YWD/Fresco+of+Moses+%28or+Peter%29+striking+the+rock+in+the+wilderness%2C+Catacombs+of+St+Calixtus%2C+Rome.+2nd-3rd+century..jpg Module Five Fig. 5.35: Fresco of Moses (or Peter) striking the rock in the wilderness, Catacombs of St Calixtus, Rome. 2nd-3rd century. https://int-baek-001.com/module-eighteen daily 0.75 2021-07-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570698217099-CDP0ZQ7LPL7XNFNVA86G/The+Aegean+Sea+and+area.gif Module Nineteen The Aegean Sea and area https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570698141341-GUA3SSMIDFVJC6C31JZF/The+ruins+of+a+prison+at+Philippi.jpg Module Nineteen The ruins of a prison at Philippi https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570698651584-J91U903CV2IU9Z43I33H/The+first+page+of+Ephesians+in+Codex+Sinaiticus%2C+The+additions+in+the+center+margin%2C+the+words+%CE%95%CE%9D+%CE%95%CE%A6%CE%95%CF%B9W+%5Bpronounced+en+e-phes-o%CC%84%5D+are+the+Greek+for+%E2%80%9Cin+Ephesus.%E2%80%9D.png Module Nineteen The first page of Ephesians in Codex Sinaiticus, The additions in the center margin, the words ΕΝ ΕΦΕϹW [pronounced en e-phes-ō] are the Greek for “in Ephesus.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570698387357-N1I7H6Y39DB0SB7VSO68/table+18.2.png Module Nineteen https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570694685453-LRTYLZ9M21IUOSG9H5RP/table+18.1.png Module Nineteen Table 18.1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570698304142-ZKHQ1AO7VDLZ7417V4FC/artemis%2B2.jpg Module Nineteen https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1570698262684-5K4WNHK4CDY40IBQYSX4/Ephasus%2BAmpitheatre.jpg Module Nineteen The Amphitheater in Ephesus Artemis was easily distinguished by the many spheroid shapes on her chest. Theories vary, but they are thought to be breasts, eggs, bull testicles, or even gourds (which were known in Asia as fertility symbols for centuries). Artemis' robe is always decorated with lions, leopards, goats, griffins, and bulls, which represent Artemis' title of Lady of the Animals. For detailed photographs of the statue, see http://www.livius.org/articles/religion/artemis-of-ephesus/ https://int-baek-001.com/before-you-begin daily 0.75 2026-01-04 https://int-baek-001.com/module-four daily 0.75 2019-09-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567023216199-UFMH0KNJ44KWM84OIVCD/Clay+jar+commonly+used+at+Qumran+to+store+manuscripts.+.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.41: Clay jar commonly used at Qumran to store manuscripts. Shrine of the Book, Jerusalem. 1st century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022125621-TFTAKIH9YJO95SZPK1JB/Remains+of+a+3rd+century+CE+synagogue+at+Dura+Europos%2C+Syria.+The+interior+is+adorned+with+biblical+scenes.+It+is+one+of+the+most+elaborate+synagogues+from+antiquity..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.31: Remains of a 3rd century CE synagogue at Dura Europos, Syria. The interior is adorned with biblical scenes. It is one of the most elaborate synagogues from antiquity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016705352-SN44QCEDVUZ7QBDC0NAK/Prayer+shawls+like+this+one+were+commonly+worn+by+Sadducees+who+were+priests..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.11: Prayer shawls like this one were commonly worn by Sadducees who were priests. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018751112-YC08FUJTFTMUB2X2ODCC/Rembrandt%2C+Moses+with+the+tablets+of+the+Law.+Gemaldegalerie+der+Staatlichen+Muzeen+zu+Berlin%2C+1659..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.20: Rembrandt, Moses with the tablets of the Law. Gemaldegalerie der Staatlichen Muzeen zu Berlin, 1659. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567021778485-0NKH6ANQ4TMYOJL3JPFD/Model+of+the+Temple%2C+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem.+Click+the+image+and+take+a+3d+tour+of+the+Temple..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.28: Model of the Temple, Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Click the image and take a 3d tour of the Temple. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016230057-69ZOMY949FACZ3QPS6JT/Detail+of+the+mosaic+of+the+Battle+of+Issus%2C+National+Archaeological+Museum%2C+Naples%2C+1st+century+BCE..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.4: Detail of the mosaic of the Battle of Issus, National Archaeological Museum, Naples, 1st century BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016490102-KWWPQICT17ZSJJT9FV2S/The+Masada+Fortress+with+the+Dead+Sea+in+the+background..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.8: The Masada Fortress with the Dead Sea in the background. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016642565-PO1ZO0R5FJG5DOAX6H0I/Detail+of+Michelangelo%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CPieta+Bandini%E2%80%9D+depicting+the+Pharisee+Nicodemus+%28as+a+self-portrait%29+holding+the+body+of+Christ.+.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.10: Detail of Michelangelo’s “Pieta Bandini” depicting the Pharisee Nicodemus (as a self-portrait) holding the body of Christ. Museo dell’ Opera del Duomo, Florence, 1555. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022305322-94SRK08Q9F8NA5INJ5DK/Hebrew+script+with+pointing.+The+symbols+above+and+below+the+characters+represent+vowels..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.33: Hebrew script with pointing. The symbols above and below the characters represent vowels. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567021600834-A1W4H11XXR7B8BVLESAW/A+ram%E2%80%99s+horn+%28shofar%29+would+have+commonly+been+used+as+a+trumpet+in+the+ancient+world+for+Jewish+religious+ceremonies..png Module Four Fig. 4.26: A ram’s horn (shofar) would have commonly been used as a trumpet in the ancient world for Jewish religious ceremonies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567019136702-YX94E45B7QP8OD2C9AHW/Pool+of+Siloam%2C+Jerusalem..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.25: Pool of Siloam, Jerusalem. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022921182-TY4KCE20PXUKGS66XRLX/%22+National+Museum+of+Krakow%2C+Poland..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.39: Wojciech Korneli Stattler, "Maccabees." National Museum of Krakow, Poland. 1842. Inspired by the stories in 1 and 2 Maccabees, the painting depicts Antiochus III confronting the Hasmoneans. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018893853-1869VYOMI10DTTQWVL4K/Caravaggio%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CDavid+with+the+Head+of+Goliath.+Museo+e+Galleria+Borghese%2C+1607..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.22: Caravaggio’s “David with the Head of Goliath. Museo e Galleria Borghese, 1607. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016920567-5XSGVOWMBPTZIF0NBDK3/Duccio+di+Buoninsegna%2C+%E2%80%9CYoung+Jesus+Teaches+in+the+Temple%E2%80%9D+.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.14: Duccio di Buoninsegna, “Young Jesus Teaches in the Temple” from Luke 2:46-51. Pharisees and Sadducees are depicted. Museo dell’ Opera Metropolitana del Duomo, Siena, 1308-11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016286668-MFZ4EBYJRU4BKX5WTM79/Duccio+di+Buoninsegna%2C+%E2%80%9CChrist+Accused+by+the+Pharisees%2C%E2%80%9D+Museo+dell%E2%80%99+Opera+del+Duomo%2C+Florence%2C+c.+1311..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.5: Duccio di Buoninsegna, “Christ Accused by the Pharisees,” Museo dell’ Opera del Duomo, Florence, c. 1311. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567021996579-A1UZN1PYI0VJ73S3JDF1/The+dark+basalt+rocks+below+the+4th+century+remains+of+the+Capernaum+synagogue.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.30: The dark basalt rocks below the 4th century remains of the Capernaum synagogue are the foundations of the town from the 1st century CE. The 1st century synagogue with which the Apostle Peter was familiar (since Caperneum was his home town) would have been located in the same place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016837872-W1NI9ZD4E2R0ADQT6F85/Carl+Schleicher%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CEine+Streitfrage+aus+dem+Talmud%2C%E2%80%9D.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.13: Carl Schleicher’s “Eine Streitfrage aus dem Talmud,” depicting a stereotypical debate among rabbis over the Torah and rabbinic tradition. Dorotheum Gallery, Vienna, c. 1866. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018150403-RGNNA4JS54D2KKZX6EMY/Ritual+bath%2C+called+mikveh%2C+found+at+Qumran..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.16: Ritual bath, called a mikveh, found at Qumran. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018250096-ZUF73HY18X98JQA9PZZA/Ruins+of+Gamla+%28today+in+the+Golan+Heights%29.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.17: Ruins of Gamla (today in the Golan Heights), which was the site of a Roman siege against Jewish rebels in 67 CE. According to Josephus (War 4.1-83) 4000 residents were slaughtered, while another 5000 were killed or injured fleeing down the mountainside. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022809640-O6FYI9TU43L8BHAL3TA1/Liturgical+Torah+reading+in+the+synagogue..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.38: Liturgical Torah reading in the synagogue. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567023058093-POF7MXYJARRGCR6HMYFT/%E2%80%9CJoseph+and+Aseneth%2C%E2%80%9D+unknown+artist.+Staatliche+Museen%2C+Berlin%2C+c.+1500.+.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.40: “Joseph and Aseneth,” unknown artist. Staatliche Museen, Berlin, c. 1500. The scene depicts the story of Joseph and Aseneth (found in the Pseudepigrapha), which is an elaborate interpretation of Gen 41:45 explaining how the righteous Joseph could have married Aseneth, the daughter of a pagan priest named Potiphera. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016052033-1XOHOWFFBOV01PL4ZYDV/Devout+Jew+praying+at+the+Western+Wall+%28or+%E2%80%9CWailing+Wall%E2%80%9D%29.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.1: Devout Jew praying at the Western Wall (or “Wailing Wall”), which is today one of the most sacred sites in Judaism. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018585583-72MCONA9JZSAN1OU3LHI/Floor+mosaic+from+the+Tzippori+synagogue%2C+Sepphoris.+5th+century.+.jpg Module Four Fig 4.18: Floor mosaic from the Tzippori synagogue, Sepphoris. 5th century. The entire floor of the synagogue is covered with mosaics depicting scenes from both the bible and the Greek mythology. This scene depicts the divine hero Heracles (Roman Hercules), the son of Zeus and Alcmene, in a drinking contest with Dionysus, the god of wine. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022367709-BYKCWX5VUCUUKJO2Y3CA/A+page+from+the+Aleppo+Codex+%2810th+century+CE%29.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.34: A page from the Aleppo Codex (10th century CE), which together with the Leningrad Codex comprises the foundations for modern the modern Hebrew Bible. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016111385-6AL068IAT9K9CFX6Z56C/Depiction+of+Philo+of+Alexandria%2C+Du%CC%88ssoldorf%2C+1584..png Module Four Fig. 4.2: Depiction of Philo of Alexandria, Düssoldorf, 1584. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022687295-YSQQFDGTR80EWOPXUC0K/image-asset.jpeg Module Four Fig. 4.37: Page from the Samaritan Pentateuch. Rylands Collection, 13th century CE. The script is a Samaritan alphabet derived from the Paleo-Hebrew, which was commonly used prior to the Babylonian captivity (6th century BCE). There are about 6000 differences between the MT and SP, though most are minor and insignificant. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016417856-QOEFI90OSADVKVEXW2K5/Old+Jewish+cemetery%2C+Prague%2C+15th+century.+Pharisaic+belief+in+the+resurrection+was+endorsed+by+subsequent+rabbis+and+continues+to+be+part+of+Jewish+liturgy..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.7: Old Jewish cemetery, Prague, 15th century. Pharisaic belief in the resurrection was endorsed by subsequent rabbis and continues to be part of Jewish liturgy. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567021926523-BZ735E6TPBI9OC90PNLL/Remains+of+the+synagogue+at+Capernaum+built+in+the+4th+century+CE..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.29: Remains of the synagogue at Capernaum built in the 4th century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022221380-JLHIZK7TOWVZKJCGJMMX/Genesis+1+from+a+13th+century+Hebrew+Bible.+Bodleian+Library%2C+Oxford..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.32: Genesis 1 from a 13th century Hebrew Bible. Bodleian Library, Oxford. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016557041-SZ969LHWDMP4QATLDWP9/Page+from+a+14th-century+Spanish+Mishnah+manuscript..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.9: Page from a 14th-century Spanish Mishnah manuscript. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022571554-E5QDE9O3ZQOS2YFJD0HN/Codex+Sinaiticus+%28part+of+Isaiah+42%29.+British+Library%2C+4th+century+CE..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.36: Codex Sinaiticus (part of Isaiah 42). British Library, 4th century CE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018084355-E6A0CQ6FPGGURMFDWWQ4/A+cave+at+Qumran+where+some+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+were+discovered..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.15: A cave at Qumran where some of the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016353173-OZRNNF7K6D6CTUIXQ26X/Prutah+minted+under+the+reign+of+John+%28Yehohanan%29+Hyrcanus+I+.png Module Four Fig. 4.6: Prutah minted under the reign of John (Yehohanan) Hyrcanus I “Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews.” 130-104 BCE. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016171950-M8FZ1LS7FR5Q3CTA014Z/God-fearer+inscription+from+the+theatre+at+Miletus%2C+Turkey.+The+theatre+was+completed+in+133+BCE.+.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.3: God-fearer inscription from the theatre at Miletus, Turkey. The theatre was completed in 133 BCE. The inscription designates the occupants of the seat, It reads, “The place of the Jews who are also called God-worshipers.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018990818-LZ1JWO2U94LENU18SG9S/Wall+painting+of+Moses+and+scenes+from+the+Exodus%2C+Duro+Europos+Synagogue%2C+Syria.+3rd+century..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.23: Wall painting of Moses and scenes from the Exodus, Duro Europos Synagogue, Syria. 3rd century. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018825692-K25B6LENO28A0TSUQR2J/A+page+from+1QS+%28Manual+of+Discipline%29%2C+which+foretells+two+messiahs.+.png Module Four Fig. 4.21: A page from 1QS (Manual of Discipline), which foretells two messiahs. In one passage, we read, “And they shall not depart from any counsel of the law to walk in all the stubbornness of their heart, but they shall be governed by the first ordinances in which the members of the community begin their instruction, until the coming of the prophet and the messiahs of Aaron and Israel” (1QS 9.9b-11). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567022503694-83LEQQM7N5C9QM9MQMP8/4QGenesis-Exodus.+Most+of+the+biblical+manuscripts+found+at+Qumran+are+even+smaller+than+this+fragment..png Module Four Fig. 4.35: 4QGenesis-Exodus. Most of the biblical manuscripts found at Qumran are even smaller than this fragment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567021697141-JQTHFOPKZRKB440EDU4N/Model+of+the+entire+Temple+complex+in+the+1st+century+before+its+destruction+by+the+Romans..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.27: Model of the entire Temple complex in the 1st century before its destruction by the Romans. Israel Museum, Jerusalem. The section of the Temple Mount which remains today (called the Western Wall) is in this photo part of the shadowed wall with the two arches. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567016767612-8FSLAYRMWGEYHAC0QI35/Russian+Orthodox+icon+of+James%2C+the+brother+of+Jesus.+Unknown+artist%2C+1809..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.12: Russian Orthodox icon of James, the brother of Jesus. Unknown artist, 1809. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567018652254-XA58V417K09ESC4M4IWG/Jekuthiel+Sofer%E2%80%99s+Decalogue+%28Ten+Laws%29+on+parchment.+Bibliotheca+Rosenthaliana%2C+Amsterdam%2C+1768..jpg Module Four Fig. 4.19: Jekuthiel Sofer’s Decalogue (Ten Laws) on parchment. Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, Amsterdam, 1768. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5d39a48e8593e000010788eb/1567019060259-OFY1PD4KH9I1DYPUT3F5/Sinai+Desert.jpg Module Four Fig. 4.24: Sinai Desert https://int-baek-001.com/module-twelve daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://int-baek-001.com/module-eleven daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://int-baek-001.com/module-seventeen-1 daily 0.75 2021-07-29 https://int-baek-001.com/module-twentyblank daily 0.75 2021-07-29 https://int-baek-001.com/module-twenty-1 daily 0.75 2021-07-29